تاریخ جهان دادگاه جهان است (۱۲)
قرنِ نوزدهم، یکی از پربارترینِ اعصار تاریخِ بشری
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jFCjxDvycZs
برخی دیگر از دانشمندان مهم سدهٔ نوزدهم عبارت‌اند از:
Combined: 1800 to 1900
|
1801 |
|
Richard Trevithick developes high-pressure steam engine |
|
1801 |
|
Thomas Jefferson becomes American President |
|
1803 |
|
Napoleon sells Louisiana to America to finance his wars |
|
1804 |
|
Meriwether Lewis and William Clark start fact-finding voyage across America |
|
1804 |
|
Death of Emmanuel Kant (philosopher) |
|
1804 |
|
Francis II declared first hereditary emperor of Austria |
|
1804 |
|
Napoleon makes himself Emperor of France |
|
1805 |
|
Death of Friedrich von Schiller (poet) |
|
1805 |
|
British under Lord Horatio Nelson defeat Napoleon at Trafalgar |
|
1806 |
|
Prussians defeated by Napoleon at Jena |
|
1806 |
|
German Empire re-organized by Napoleon - end of Holy Roman Empire |
|
1807 |
|
Russia signs friendly Treaty of Tilsit with Napoleon |
|
1807 |
|
Slave trade abolished in Britain |
|
1807 |
|
Napoleon controls most of Europe |
|
1808 |
|
Napoleon takes Spain but loses it again in Peninsula Wars |
|
1809 |
|
Uprising in Germany and Austria - war against Napoleon renewed |
|
1810 |
|
Argentina first South American state to declare independence |
|
1810 |
|
Simón Bolívar leads uprising against Spaniards in Venezuela |
|
1811 |
|
Luddite riots against new technologies |
|
1812 |
|
Napoleon's Grand Army destroyed - retreat from Moscow |
|
1812 |
|
French and British forces repel American attacks on Canada |
|
1813 |
|
Interior of Australia begins to be opened up |
|
1814 |
|
British forces burn Washington before negotiating peace for Canada |
|
1814 |
|
Congress of Vienna - after Napoleon's defeat, Russia gains Poland and Finland, |
|
1814 |
|
Bourbon monarchy restored with Louis XVIII |
|
1814 |
|
British missionaries start to convert Maoris of New Zealand |
|
1814 |
|
George Stevenson builds first steam locomotive |
|
1814 |
|
Denmark cedes Norway to Sweden |
|
1814 |
|
Dutch cede CapeColony to British |
|
1815 |
|
Napoleon escapes exile in Elba and re-takes Paris |
|
1815 |
|
British under Duke of Wellington finally defeat Napoleon at Waterloo |
|
1817 |
|
Death of Jane Austen (writer) |
|
1819 |
|
Sir Stanford Raffles founds British settlement at Singapore |
|
1819 |
|
Spain cedes Florida territory to America |
|
1820 |
|
Death of King George III of England |
|
1820 |
|
Charles Babbage's Difference Engine - pre-cursor to computer |
|
1822 |
|
Brazil becomes nominally independent of Portugal |
|
1822 |
|
Colony for freed American slaves established in Liberia |
|
1824 |
|
Repeal of Combination Acts - trade unions now legal in Britain |
|
1824 |
|
Death of Lord Byron (poet) |
|
1824 |
|
Charles X succedes as King of France |
|
1825 |
|
Nicholas I becomes Tsar of Russia - Decembrist Uprising |
|
1825 |
|
First railway (Stockton to Darligton) opened |
|
1826 |
|
Dutch steamship "Curaçao" first to cross Atlantic |
|
1826 |
|
Thomas Jefferson and John Adams die |
|
1827 |
|
Death of Ludwig van Beethoven (composer) |
|
1827 |
|
Death of John Dalton (chemist) |
|
1827 |
|
Death of William Blake (poet and artist) |
|
1828 |
|
Death of Francisco Goya (artist) |
|
1828 |
|
Death of Chaka, great Zulu conqueror |
|
1829 |
|
Catholic Emancipation Act passed in Britain |
|
1829 |
|
London Police Force established by Sir Robert Peel |
|
1830 |
|
Belgian revolution establishes independence from Netherlands |
|
1830 |
|
Polish rebellion against Russia defeated |
|
1830 |
|
Death of George IV - accession of William IV |
|
1830 |
|
Mormon sect founded by Joseph Smith |
|
1830 |
|
July Revolution makes Louis-Philippe "Citizen-King" |
|
1830 |
|
Simón Bolívar dies having liberated northern half of South America |
|
1830 |
|
French capture Algeria from Turks |
|
1831 |
|
Death of Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (philosopher) |
|
1831 |
|
Greece gains independence from Turkey with help from Britain |
|
1832 |
|
Death of Johann Goethe (poet) |
|
1832 |
|
Death of Sir Walter Scott (poet) |
|
1832 |
|
First Parliamentary Reform Bill passed |
|
1833 |
|
Death of Edmund Keane (Shakespearean actor) |
|
1834 |
|
Tolpuddle Martyrs victimised to discourage trade unions |
|
1834 |
|
Carlist Wars in Spain |
|
1835 |
|
Conservative Party established by Sir Robert Peel |
|
1836 |
|
People's Charter published by Chartists |
|
1836 |
|
Great Trek of Boers (Afrikaners) from British South Africa |
|
1837 |
|
Queen Victoria comes to British throne |
|
1837 |
|
Death of John Constable (artist) |
|
1837 |
|
Death of Alexander Pushkin (poet) |
|
1837 |
|
Early photography pioneered by Louis Daguerre |
|
1838 |
|
Trail of Tears - mass relocation of American Indians |
|
1839 |
|
British force Chinese to expand trade in Opium Wars |
|
1840 |
|
Victoria marries Albert of Saxe-Coburg |
|
1840 |
|
End of British practice of deporting convicts to Australia |
|
1840 |
|
British officially control New Zealand |
|
1840 |
|
Upper and Lower Canada re-unified |
|
1840 |
|
Pierre Joseph Proudhon propounds anarchist view that "property is theft" |
|
1841 |
|
China cedes Hong Kong to Britain |
|
1841 |
|
David Livingstone begins African explorations |
|
1841 |
|
China cedes Hong Kong to Britain |
|
1846 |
|
Great Potato Famine in Ireland |
|
1848 |
|
Pre-Raphaelites advocate return to simple naturalism in art |
|
1848 |
|
Francis Joseph accedes to Austrian throne after rising |
|
1848 |
|
Hungary declares independence from Austrian Empire |
|
1848 |
|
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels publish "Communist Manifesto" |
|
1848 |
|
Texas becomes part of America after wars with Mexico |
|
1848 |
|
California Gold Rush begins |
|
1848 |
|
Louis-Philippe abdicates - SecondRepublic declared |
|
1849 |
|
Henry David Thoreau publishes "Civil Disobedience" |
|
1849 |
|
Self-government established in Canada |
|
1849 |
|
Papal regime restored after rebellion declared Rome a republic |
|
1849 |
|
Giuseppe Garibaldi defends Italy against France and Austria |
|
1850 |
|
Death of William Wordsworth (poet) |
|
1851 |
|
Death of William Turner (artist) |
|
1851 |
|
First Great Exhibition in CrystalPalace, London |
|
1851 |
|
Gold discovered in Australia |
|
1852 |
|
New Zealand's constitution established |
|
1852 |
|
Louis Napoleon declares himself Emperor Napoleon III |
|
1854 |
|
Crimean War - Russia against England and France |
|
1855 |
|
Alexander II becomes Tsar of Russia |
|
1855 |
|
David Livingstone "discovers" Victoria Falls |
|
1856 |
|
William Gladstone grants home rule to Ireland |
|
1857 |
|
Sepoy Rebellion - Indian army mutinies against British |
|
1857 |
|
Death of Auguste Comte (philosopher) |
|
1859 |
|
Charles Darwin publishes "Origin of Species" |
|
1860 |
|
Piedmont and most of Italy united under Garibaldi |
|
1860 |
|
Death of Honoré de Balzac (writer) |
|
1861 |
|
Emancipation of serfs in Russia |
|
1861 |
|
Abraham Lincoln becomes President of America |
|
1861 |
|
Start of American Civil War |
|
1861 |
|
John Stuart Mill publishes "Utilitarianism" |
|
1861 |
|
Victor Emmanel proclaimed King of Italy by first Parliament |
|
1862 |
|
Otto von Bismark becomes First Minister of Prussia at its height |
|
1863 |
|
Abraham Lincoln gives Gettysburg Address speech |
|
1863 |
|
Death of Eugene Delacroix (artist) |
|
1863 |
|
Maximilian of Austria made Emperor of Mexico - shot in 1867 |
|
1865 |
|
Tashkent becomes centre of Russian expansion in Central Asia |
|
1865 |
|
End of American Civil War |
|
1865 |
|
Abolition of slavery in America |
|
1866 |
|
Prussia captures Schleswig-Holstein from Denmark and Austria |
|
1866 |
|
Anti-black Ku Klux Klan formed |
|
1866 |
|
Swede Alfred Nobel produces dynamite |
|
1867 |
|
Death of Michael Faraday (physicist) |
|
1867 |
|
End of transportation of criminals to Australia |
|
1867 |
|
America buys Alaska from Russia |
|
1867 |
|
Confederation of Canada |
|
1867 |
|
Confederation of North German States established |
|
1867 |
|
Emperor Meiji restored after centuries of Shogun rule |
|
1868 |
|
Benjamin Disraeli becomes British Prime Minister |
|
1868 |
|
Revolution deposes Queen Isabella II of Spain |
|
1868 |
|
Death of Giacchino Rossini (composer) |
|
1869 |
|
Suez Canal opened in Egypt |
|
1870 |
|
Death of Charles Dickens (writer) |
|
1870 |
|
Napoleon III attacks Prussia |
|
1870 |
|
Prussia war against France culminates in Siege of Paris |
|
1870 |
|
Death of Alexander Dumas (writer) |
|
1870 |
|
Rome and Papal states annexed to Kingdom of Italy |
|
1871 |
|
Trade unions legalized in Britain |
|
1871 |
|
Commune of Paris crushed - Adolphe Thiers made President of French Republic |
|
1871 |
|
Prussia under Otto von Bismark annexes Alsace and Lorraine from France |
|
1871 |
|
Henry Stanley finds David Livingstone near Lake Tanganyika |
|
1871 |
|
Prussia under Otto von Bismark annexes Alsace and Lorraine from France |
|
1871 |
|
William I of Prussia proclaimed German Emperor (Kaiser) |
|
1872 |
|
Self-rule granted to CapeColony in South Africa |
|
1873 |
|
FirstRepublic of Spain declared |
|
1874 |
|
Benjamin Disraeli becomes British Prime minister for second time |
|
1874 |
|
First Impressionist exhibition (named after Monet painting) |
|
1876 |
|
Death of Mikhail Bakunin (Russian anarchist) |
|
1876 |
|
Alexander Graham Bell invents telephone |
|
1876 |
|
Great Famine in Southern India kills over 5 million |
|
1876 |
|
Custers Last Stand - killed fighting in Indian Wars |
|
1876 |
|
Dictatorship of Porfirio Díaz begins in Mexico |
|
1876 |
|
Belgium under king Leopold II annexes African Congo |
|
1876 |
|
Richard Wagner completes his "Ring" cycle of operas |
|
1877 |
|
Queen Victoria proclaimed Empress of India |
|
1877 |
|
Thomas Edison invents first phonograph |
|
1877 |
|
Satsuma Rebellion in Japan against introduction of new ideas |
|
1878 |
|
Salvation Army founded by Rev William Booth |
|
1878 |
|
Russo-Turkish War liberates Serbia and Rumania from Turkish rule |
|
1878 |
|
Thomas Edison develops electric light |
|
1879 |
|
Britain and France take control of Egypt and Suez Canal |
|
1879 |
|
Zulu War in South Africa |
|
1880 |
|
Death of Gustave Flaubert (writer) |
|
1881 |
|
William Gladstone becomes Prime Minister of Britain |
|
1881 |
|
Start of pogroms against Russian Jews |
|
1881 |
|
Death of Fyodor Dostoyevski (writer) |
|
1881 |
|
Wyatt Earp in OK Corral gunfight |
|
1881 |
|
French annexe Tunisia and other North African possessions |
|
1882 |
|
Turks lose control of most of their old territories |
|
1882 |
|
Jesse James shot by own gang member |
|
1882 |
|
Germany, Austria and Italy establish Triple Alliance |
|
1883 |
|
Revolt against British rule in Sudan |
|
1883 |
|
Death of Edouard Manet (artist) |
|
1883 |
|
Revolt against British rule in Sudan |
|
1883 |
|
Eruption of Krakatoa Volcano, Indonesia (35,000 killed) |
|
1883 |
|
Death of Richard Wagner (composer) |
|
1884 |
|
Third Parliamentary Reform Bill passed |
|
1884 |
|
Russia expands into Turkistan, Caucuses and eastwards |
|
1885 |
|
Death of Victor Hugo (writer) |
|
1885 |
|
George Eastman markets first box camera |
|
1885 |
|
Germany annexes south-western and parts of eastern Africa |
|
1886 |
|
All American Indians now in reservations |
|
1886 |
|
Gottlieb Daimler and Karl Benz produce first automobiles |
|
1887 |
|
Sir Arthur Conan Doyle writes first Shelock Holmes book |
|
1888 |
|
Kaiser William II comes to power |
|
1889 |
|
EiffelTower built in Paris (designed by Gustave Alexandre Eiffel) |
|
1889 |
|
Brazil officially declared a republic |
|
1889 |
|
Henry Stanley completes his explorations of Africa |
|
1890 |
|
London Underground (electric subway system) opens |
|
1890 |
|
Death of Vincent Van Gogh (artist) |
|
1890 |
|
Lumière bothers develop motion pictures |
|
1890 |
|
Cecil Rhodes becomes Prime Minister of Cape Colony |
|
1890 |
|
William II removes Bismark as Chancellor |
|
1891 |
|
Death of Arthur Rimbaud (Symbolist poet) |
|
1892 |
|
Death of Alfred Lord Tennyson (poet) |
|
1892 |
|
Death of Walt Whitman (poet) |
|
1893 |
|
British Labour Party formed |
|
1893 |
|
New Zealand becomes first country to give vote to women |
|
1893 |
|
Death of Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky (composer) |
|
1894 |
|
Nicholas II becomes last Romanov Tsar of Russia |
|
1894 |
|
Alfred Dreyfus convicted of treason |
|
1894 |
|
Japan invades China - annexes Formosa and Korea |
|
1895 |
|
Death of Louis Pasteur (chemist) |
|
1895 |
|
Guglielmo Marconi sends first radio message |
|
1895 |
|
Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen discovers x-rays |
|
1896 |
|
Klondike Gold Rush in Alaska and Yukon |
|
1896 |
|
Siam guarenteed independence from China by Britain and France |
|
1897 |
|
Greek-Turkish War |
|
1897 |
|
First zeppelin airship launched |
|
1898 |
|
Spain loses rest of its empire in Spanish-American War |
|
1898 |
|
Horatio Earl Kitchener re-conquers Sudan for Britain |
|
1899 |
|
Beginning of Boer War in South Africa |
|
1900 |
|
British establish control over much of east and central Africa |
|
1900 |
|
Boxer Rising in China attempts to expel all foreigners |
|
1900 |
|
Death of Friedrich Wilhelm Nietsche (philosopher) |
|
1900 |
|
Death of Oscar Wilde (writer) |
برای ارسال این مطلب به فیسبوک، آیکون زیر را کلیک کنید:&p[url]=http://www.hamneshinbahar.net/article.php?text_id=234.html&p[images][0]=http://www.hamneshinbahar.net/bilder/9548hamneshin_12.jpg&p[summary]=یکی از پربارترین اعصار در تاریخ بشری که ما هنوز بدرستی دستاوردهای آن را درنیافته و از لحاظ فلسفی، سیاسی و... از آن فراتر نرفته‌ایم بین سال‌های ۱۸۰۱ تا ۱۹۰۰ میلادی یعنی قرن نوزدهم است.
در این سده فاتحه امپراتوری‌های عثمانی، اسپانیا، پرتغال، همچنین مغول و روم مقدس خوانده شد و بریتانیا تبدیل به بزرگ‌ترین ابرقدرت قرن شد. تملک سریع مستعمرات جدید در سطح جهان توسط اروپا کلید خورد و آفریقا به معنی واقعی کلمه غارت شد.
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